Sentence building · gender · articles · être & avoir · -ER present · negation · prepositions. Finish all 200 and you get a map of exactly which topics are solid and which need another pass.
Ten sections, one screen each: the rule, a table, the trap, two examples. Read it, take the quiz, come back to any section that goes badly.
The shades are a clue: au and du are the darker versions of à and de, because that is exactly what they are — à + le and de + le squeezed together.
| What you are placing | Where it goes | Example |
|---|---|---|
| the subject | first, always written | Nous sommes prêts.We are ready. |
| a describing word | after the noun | Elle cherche une chemise blanche.She is looking for a white shirt. |
| a short common describing word (grand, petit, bon, beau, jeune, vieux) | before the noun | Ils louent un petit appartement.They rent a small apartment. |
| an adverb | right after the verb | Je parle souvent français au travail.I often speak French at work. |
| a place and a time | at the end | Il travaille à Ottawa le lundi.He works in Ottawa on Mondays. |
| a second sentence | after et, mais, parce que, donc | Je reste ici, donc je prépare le repas.I am staying here, so I am making the meal. |
| After the noun — the usual place | Before the noun — the short common ones |
|---|---|
| un quartier tranquillea quiet neighbourhood | un grand quartiera large neighbourhood |
| un livre intéressantan interesting book | un vieux livrean old book |
| une voiture japonaisea Japanese car | une belle voiturea beautiful car |
| Ending | Gender | Example |
|---|---|---|
| -tion, -sion | feminine | la question, une décisionthe question, a decision |
| -té, -ance, -ure, -ie | feminine | la santé, la culture, une boulangeriehealth, culture, a bakery |
| -ette | feminine | une baguette, la recettea baguette, the recipe |
| -age, -ment | masculine | le fromage, un appartementthe cheese, an apartment |
| -eau, -isme, -ier | masculine | le bureau, le tourisme, un quartierthe office, tourism, a neighbourhood |
| the words that break the pattern | store them whole | le musée, le problème, la page, l’eau (feminine)the museum, the problem, the page, the water |
| Masculine noun | Feminine noun |
|---|---|
| un nouveau bureaua new office | une nouvelle décisiona new decision |
| le petit villagethe small village | la petite villethe small town |
| l’hôtel est completthe hotel is full | l’adresse est complètethe address is complete |
| What you mean | Use | Example |
|---|---|---|
| something we both already know | le / la / les | Je ferme la porte.I am closing the door. |
| one item, first mention | un / une / des | Je cherche un appartement.I am looking for an apartment. |
| the noun starts with a vowel or silent h | l’ | L’école ouvre à huit heures.The school opens at eight. |
| a general statement or a taste | le / la / les | J’aime le café et je déteste les files d’attente.I like coffee and I hate queues. |
| a language | le | Elle étudie le français.She studies French. |
| a day that comes back every week | le | Le samedi, je travaille.On Saturdays, I work. |
| le · la · les — we know which | un · une · des — any one |
|---|---|
| Je prends le bus de huit heures.I take the eight o’clock bus — the one we both mean. | Je prends un bus.I take a bus — any bus. |
| Elle regarde les photos.She is looking at the photos — the ones we know. | Elle regarde des photos.She is looking at some photos — new ones. |
| Nous cherchons la sortie.We are looking for the exit. | Nous cherchons une sortie.We are looking for a way out. |
à and de squeeze with le and les:
| What you are saying | Comes out as | Example |
|---|---|---|
| some of a masculine thing | du | Je bois du thé.I drink tea. |
| some of a feminine thing | de la | Il mange de la salade.He eats salad. |
| some of a thing starting with a vowel | de l’ | Nous buvons de l’eau.We drink water. |
| some of a plural thing | des | Elle achète des fruits.She buys fruit. |
| à + le / à + les | au / aux | Je vais au marché et je parle aux voisins.I am going to the market and I talk to the neighbours. |
| a measured amount | quantity + de | Un kilo de pommes, beaucoup de travail.A kilo of apples, a lot of work. |
| The thing in general — le · la · les | Some of it — du · de la · des |
|---|---|
| J’aime le café.I like coffee — coffee as a whole. | Je bois du café.I am drinking coffee — a certain amount of it. |
| Elle déteste la viande.She hates meat. | Elle achète de la viande.She is buying meat. |
| Nous préférons les fruits.We prefer fruit. | Nous mangeons des fruits.We are eating fruit. |
| What follows | Opening | Example |
|---|---|---|
| a noun with its little word | c’est | C’est un bon restaurant.It is a good restaurant. |
| a name, or moi / toi / lui | c’est | C’est Marie. C’est moi.It is Marie. It is me. |
| a bare describing word, or a job | il est / elle est | Elle est avocate. Il est fatigué.She is a lawyer. He is tired. |
| a plural noun | ce sont | Ce sont mes voisins.Those are my neighbours. |
| the time on the clock | il est | Il est huit heures.It is eight o’clock. |
| a reaction to the whole situation | c’est | C’est intéressant.That is interesting. |
| Job alone — il est / elle est, nothing in front | Job plus a describing word — c’est un / c’est une |
|---|---|
| Il est médecin.He is a doctor. | C’est un bon médecin.He is a good doctor. |
| Elle est étudiante.She is a student. | C’est une étudiante sérieuse.She is a serious student. |
| Il est huit heures.It is eight o’clock. | C’est tôt.That is early. |
| What you mean | Block | Example |
|---|---|---|
| a body state | avoir faim, soif, froid, chaud, peur, sommeil | J’ai faim et j’ai soif.I am hungry and thirsty. |
| being right | avoir raison | Tu as raison.You are right. |
| age | avoir + number + ans | Elle a trente ans.She is thirty. |
| needing or wanting something | avoir besoin de / avoir envie de | J’ai besoin du dossier et j’ai envie d’un café.I need the file and I feel like a coffee. |
| a pain somewhere | avoir mal à | Il a mal à la tête et mal au dos.He has a headache and a sore back. |
| saying what exists | il y a | Il y a un problème sur la ligne.There is a problem on the line. |
| The person — avoir | The weather or the thing — faire / être |
|---|---|
| J’ai froid.I am cold — how I feel. | Il fait froid.It is cold — the weather outside. |
| Nous avons chaud.We are hot. | L’eau est chaude.The water is hot — the thing itself. |
| Elle a peur.She is afraid. | La route est dangereuse.The road is dangerous. |
| Subject | Ending | Example |
|---|---|---|
| je (j’ before a vowel) | -e | je parle, j’habiteI speak, I live |
| tu | -es | tu parles, tu travaillesyou speak, you work |
| il / elle / on | -e | elle parle, on regardeshe speaks, we watch |
| nous | -ons | nous parlons, nous étudionswe speak, we study |
| vous | -ez | vous parlez, vous cherchezyou speak, you are looking for |
| ils / elles | -ent | ils parlent, elles arriventthey speak, they arrive |
| A habit | Right now |
|---|---|
| Je travaille ici.I work here. | Je travaille en ce moment.I am working right now. |
| Elle étudie le français.She studies French. | Elle étudie ce soir.She is studying tonight. |
| Ils regardent les nouvelles.They watch the news. | Ils regardent un film.They are watching a film. |
| Family | The change | Example |
|---|---|---|
| -GER (manger, voyager, changer) | nous keeps the e: -eons | nous mangeons, nous voyageonswe eat, we travel |
| -CER (commencer, avancer, placer) | nous takes ç: -çons | nous commençons, nous avançonswe start, we move forward |
| acheter, lever, mener | e → è, except nous and vous | j’achète, il achète, nous achetonsI buy, he buys, we buy |
| préférer, répéter, espérer | é → è, except nous and vous | je préfère, ils préfèrent, vous préférezI prefer, they prefer, you prefer |
| appeler, jeter | double letter, except nous and vous | j’appelle, elle appelle, nous appelonsI call, she calls, we call |
| -YER (payer, envoyer, essayer) | y → i, except nous and vous | je paie, ils paient, nous payonsI pay, they pay, we pay |
| The form that changes | nous / vous, plain spelling |
|---|---|
| J’achète le pain.I buy the bread. | Nous achetons le pain.We buy the bread. |
| Je préfère le thé.I prefer tea. | Vous préférez le thé.You prefer tea. |
| Elle appelle le bureau.She calls the office. | Nous appelons le bureau.We call the office. |
| What you mean | Use | Example |
|---|---|---|
| plain no | ne … pas | Je ne comprends pas.I do not understand. |
| never | ne … jamais | Il ne fume jamais.He never smokes. |
| not any more | ne … plus | Nous ne travaillons plus ici.We do not work here any more. |
| nothing | ne … rien | Elle ne dit rien.She says nothing. |
| nobody | ne … personne | Je ne connais personne ici.I know nobody here. |
| the verb starts with a vowel | n’ … pas | Il n’aime pas ce quartier.He does not like this neighbourhood. |
| One verb — wrap it | Two verbs — wrap only the first one |
|---|---|
| Je ne travaille pas.I do not work. | Je ne veux pas travailler.I do not want to work. |
| Elle ne sort pas ce soir.She is not going out tonight. | Elle ne peut pas sortir ce soir.She cannot go out tonight. |
| Il ne vient pas.He is not coming. | Il ne va pas venir.He is not going to come. |
| What comes next | Use | Example |
|---|---|---|
| a town | à | J’habite à Toronto.I live in Toronto. |
| a feminine country, or one starting with a vowel | en | Elle travaille en France, il vit en Iran.She works in France, he lives in Iran. |
| a masculine country | au | Nous allons au Portugal.We are going to Portugal. |
| a plural country | aux | Ils vivent aux États-Unis.They live in the United States. |
| where you come from | de / du / des | Je viens de France, il vient du Maroc.I come from France, he comes from Morocco. |
| a person, or their workplace | chez | Je vais chez le dentiste.I am going to the dentist. |
| chez — a person | à — a place with a name |
|---|---|
| Je vais chez le médecin.I am going to the doctor. | Je vais à la clinique.I am going to the clinic. |
| Elle reste chez elle.She is staying at her place. | Elle reste à la maison.She is staying at home. |
| Nous mangeons chez Paul.We are eating at Paul’s. | Nous mangeons au restaurant.We are eating at the restaurant. |
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