J'habite à Laval. Le quartier est calme. Il y a un parc. J'aime ça.All correct, but it reads like a list. Low coherence marks.
J'habite à Laval et le quartier est calme et il y a un parc et j'aime ça et…One connector repeated forever. Also low marks — no control.
J'habite à Laval, un quartier calme où il y a un parc, et j'aime beaucoup y vivre.Two joins (a relative où + coordination et), one controlled sentence. This scores.
Take any 8–10 correct simple sentences and rewrite them as 5–6 connected sentences using coordination, subordination, and at least one relative pronoun — with correct commas and zero run-ons. That is the coherence the exam rewards.
Before the details, the big picture. Every join is one of two kinds: coordination (two equal, independent sentences side by side) or subordination (one sentence becomes dependent on the other). Relative pronouns are a special kind of subordination. Get this map and everything else clicks.
A clause = one subject + one conjugated verb (je mange). An independent clause can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause cannot stand alone — it needs a main clause to lean on.
Two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction. Both halves could still stand alone as sentences.
Remove mais and you still have two valid sentences: Je suis fatigué. Je continue. That's the signature of coordination.
One independent (main) clause + a dependent clause introduced by a subordinating word (parce que, que, quand, si…). The dependent clause cannot stand alone.
Parce que je veux réussir alone is not a sentence — it leaves you waiting for the rest. That dependency is the signature of subordination.
A relative pronoun (qui, que, où) attaches a dependent clause to a noun, to add detail without starting a new sentence. Full treatment in Section 4.
Coordination or subordination? (a) Il fait froid et je mets un manteau. (b) Je mets un manteau parce qu'il fait froid. → (a) coordination (both halves stand alone) (b) subordination (« parce qu'il fait froid » can't stand alone).
Coordinating conjunctions join two independent clauses (or two words/phrases) as equals. French has seven, and there's a famous trick to remember them all.
Join with the best coordinator: (a) Il est malade. Il vient travailler. (b) Je révise beaucoup. Je veux réussir. → (a) Il est malade, mais il vient travailler. (b) Je révise beaucoup, car je veux réussir.
A subordinating word turns a second sentence into a dependent clause that leans on the main one. This is how you express cause, reported thought, time, and condition — the backbone of Section B reasoning.
Inside the dependent clause, keep the ordinary subject + verb order from Chapter 1 — nothing inverts:
English often drops "that" (I think it's true). French never drops que: Je pense que c'est vrai. This is one of the most common Indian-student errors, so lock it now.
Join with subordination: (a) Je suis content. Tu es là. (que) (b) On sort. Il fait beau. (si) → (a) Je suis content que tu sois là. (spoken: …que tu es là) (b) Si il fait beau → S'il fait beau, on sort.
Relative pronouns (qui, que, où) let you add information about a noun by attaching a small clause to it — instead of writing a second choppy sentence. They are one of the fastest ways to sound more advanced while staying correct.
After the pronoun, look at what comes next:
l'homme qui parle"qui" is the subject doing the verb (parle).
l'homme que je vois"que" is the object; a new subject (je) does the verb.
When the relative refers not to a noun but to a whole idea ("…, which is practical"), use ce qui (verb follows) or ce que (subject follows): J'habite en ville, ce qui est pratique. · Il est parti, ce que je regrette. A polished, high-value structure for Section B — use it once you're confident with plain qui/que.
qui or que? (a) la femme ___ travaille ici (b) la robe ___ elle porte (c) le pays ___ nous visitons. → (a) qui (verb follows) (b) que (subject « elle » follows) (c) que (subject « nous » follows).
Combining is only correct if the punctuation is correct. A handful of comma rules — and a sense of rhythm — separate a flowing paragraph from a messy one. These are directly counted under grammar/syntax.
You cannot join two independent clauses with only a comma. Fix it three ways:
Good writing mixes lengths. Don't write all short (choppy) or all long (exhausting). Aim for a short–long–medium flow.
J'aime ma ville. Elle est calme. Il y a un parc. Je m'y promène.Four equal short beats — monotonous.
J'aime ma ville. Elle est calme et agréable, avec un grand parc où je me promène souvent le week-end.A short sentence, then a longer combined one. Natural flow.
French puts a space before the two-part marks ? ! : ; — Vraiment ? Attention ! — but no space before the comma and full stop. Missing/extra spaces here are counted as spelling/syntax slips.
Fix the punctuation: (a) Il fait froid, je mets un manteau. (b) Je crois, que tu as raison. → (a) Il fait froid, donc je mets un manteau. (b) Je crois que tu as raison.
Your reusable library of connectors, sorted by the job you want done. Browse to the function you need, pick a connector, and combine. Keep this tab open while you write Section A and B. (★ = safe, high-frequency choices to start with.)
How to use the bank. In Section A, live mostly in ⑥ (sequence) + ② (cause). In Section B, cycle through ② cause → ③ consequence → ④ contrast/concession → ⑨ conclusion. Start with the ★ connectors; add the formal ones as you gain control.
Watch the same content climb from choppy simple sentences to a controlled, combined paragraph. The rungs are the tools of this chapter. Read the why — that's where the coherence marks live.
| ① Choppy | J'habite à Laval. C'est calme. J'aime ça. | Correct but three separate beats. |
| ② Coordinated | J'habite à Laval et c'est calme. | One join with et — better. |
| ③ Subordinated | J'aime Laval parce que c'est calme. | Cause with parce que — a real link of ideas. |
| ④ Exam-ready | J'habite à Laval, une ville calme que j'apprécie beaucoup. | A relative que folds three ideas into one smooth sentence. |
| ① Choppy | Les transports sont importants. Il faut investir. | Two flat statements. |
| ② Coordinated | Les transports sont importants, donc il faut investir. | Consequence with donc. |
| ③ Subordinated | Comme les transports sont importants, il faut investir. | Cause fronted with comme. |
| ④ Exam-ready | Puisque les transports publics sont essentiels, il est important d'y investir, même si cela coûte cher. | Cause + necessity + concession — CLB 7 texture. |
J'habite en ville. Il y a beaucoup de bruit. Les loyers sont chers. J'aime la vie ici. Il y a des activités.Five equal short sentences. Correct, but no flow, low coherence.
J'habite en ville, où il y a beaucoup de bruit et où les loyers sont chers. Cependant, j'aime la vie ici, car il y a toujours des activités à faire.Relative où, coordination et, concession cependant, cause car — two flowing sentences.
| choppy | combined |
|---|---|
| Il est tard. Je suis fatigué. | Il est tard et je suis fatigué. |
| C'est cher. C'est bon. | C'est cher, mais c'est bon. |
| Il pleut. Je reste. | Comme il pleut, je reste. |
| J'ai un ami. Il habite à Québec. | J'ai un ami qui habite à Québec. |
| Voici le livre. Je le lis. | Voici le livre que je lis. |
| C'est la ville. J'y suis né. | C'est la ville où je suis né. |
| Je révise. Je veux réussir. | Je révise, car je veux réussir. |
| Le plan est bon. Il coûte cher. | Le plan est bon, même s'il coûte cher. |
Six short paragraphs that show combining at work. Each uses only Chapter 1–2 tools. Read aloud, then imitate the structure with your own content.
Don't try to fold five ideas into one sentence. Combine two, close the sentence, then start the next. A paragraph of 2–3 well-combined sentences beats one monster sentence that loses control. Coherence is about clear links, not length.
Climb Ladder for "I work a lot / I want a good future": write a ② and a ④ version. → ② Je travaille beaucoup, donc je réussirai. ④ Je travaille beaucoup, car je veux construire un avenir stable au Canada, même si c'est fatigant.
When you start combining, a new family of errors appears. These are the ones assessors count most in longer sentences. Learn to spot each with its code (used in the mock, Section 12).
The 30-second combine self-check. For each longer sentence:
This is the core skill of the chapter, drilled by hand. For each pair, decide the relationship (add? contrast? cause? describe a noun?), pick the connector, and write the combined sentence. Type your answer, then compare with the guide.
Step 1 relationship = adding two qualities → Step 2 connector = et → Step 3 (bonus) drop the repeated subject/verb for elegance.
Rewrite these five choppy sentences as 2–3 combined sentences (use at least one relative and one connector):
« Je travaille dans un magasin. Le travail est fatigant. Mes collègues sont sympas. Je veux changer de métier. Je cherche un cours de français. »
Set A: Il fait froid, donc je mets un manteau. · C'est un long film, mais il est passionnant. · Je révise tous les jours, car je veux réussir.
Set B: Je reste chez moi parce qu'il pleut. · S'il fait beau, on sort. · Je pense que la ville est trop chère.
Set C: J'ai un voisin qui est très gentil. · Voici la maison que nous voulons acheter. · C'est le quartier où j'ai grandi.
Set D (one model): Je travaille dans un magasin où le travail est fatigant, mais mes collègues sont sympas. Comme je veux changer de métier, je cherche un cours de français.
Deliberate practice on every combining skill: choosing coordinators, subordinators and relatives, fixing run-ons and comma splices, and merging choppy pairs. Pick a category and go for automatic correctness.
Correct: 0Six levels from controlled joins to a timed free paragraph. After each, run the 30-second combine self-check from Section 8.
Write about your week using coordination, subordination and one relative pronoun. Six ideas, three connected sentences, varied rhythm.
Task: in 12 minutes, write a connected paragraph (6–8 sentences) answering: « Préférez-vous vivre en ville ou à la campagne ? » Use at least one connector of cause, one of contrast, and one relative pronoun. Then self-check and count errors by code.
☐ Every long sentence has a real connector (not a bare comma) ☐ I kept every que ☐ qui/que correct ☐ comma after leading clauses, none before que ☐ no chain of et ☐ varied sentence length.
Turn combining practice into a score. Do the mock, self-correct with the error codes, then submit to the AI grader. This chapter adds new codes for combining, on top of the Chapter 1 codes (which still apply).
Prompt: First, rewrite this choppy text as 3–4 connected sentences, then add 2 sentences of your own opinion about it. ~15 min.
« La ville est grande. Il y a beaucoup de transports. Les loyers sont chers. Les jeunes partent. C'est un problème. »
| code | meaning | fix |
|---|---|---|
| COMMA | comma splice / wrong comma | add a coordinator, or fix comma placement |
| RUN-ON | chained « et », no boundary | list with commas + one « et », or split |
| COORD | wrong/misplaced coordinator | e.g. « car » can't start a sentence |
| SUBORD | dropped « que » / bad subordinator | keep « que »; pick the right one |
| REL | qui/que/où confusion | verb→qui, subject→que, place→où |
| ELISION | que/si + vowel not elided | qu' / s' before a vowel |
| FRAG | dependent clause left alone | attach it to a main clause |
Still counted from Chapter 1: SUBJ-MISS · VERB-INF · SV-AGR · ORDER-ADJ/ADV · NEG-DE · ART · ETRE-AVOIR · PONCT. See Chapter 1 · Tab 12.
AI-first grading. After self-correcting, paste your paragraph into the grader on the Expression écrite page for a criteria-based second opinion. Self-correct first, grade second.
Twenty-two questions across the whole chapter. Aim for 19/22 before Chapter 3. Miss one → re-read the matching section.
Score: 0 / 2219–22 → ready for Chapter 3. 15–18 → review Sections 2–5 + drills. Below 15 → redo Sections 1–5, one tab per sitting.
Don't move on until every box is honestly ticked. Combining is what turns correct sentences into coherent paragraphs — the exact skill the middle bands reward.
☐ I can tell coordination from subordination with the « stand alone? » test. ☐ I know the seven coordinators (Ornicar) and their comma rules. ☐ I know the key subordinators and that que is never dropped. ☐ I can choose qui/que/où with the follow-test.
☐ I combine two simple sentences with the right connector and punctuation. ☐ I add a relative clause to describe a noun. ☐ I fix a comma splice and a run-on. ☐ I vary sentence length for rhythm.
☐ I can label my combining errors with the codes. ☐ In a rewritten paragraph I have ≤2 counted errors. ☐ I run the 4-pass protocol before submitting.
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